The harsh sound of the gaasu drums and the high, elusive tones of the one-stringed gooje support the healing of the illnesses caused by the spirits among the desert peoples living in the southern Sahara zones of northern Mali. The musical richness of the Tuareg, the Songhai, the Moors, and the Bella becomes strikingly evident when the mortar drum tende joins in the sonorous songs and the sounds of the famous takamba dance.

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